Surveys & Programs
Annual Reports
National Assessments
International Assessments
Early Childhood
Elementary/ Secondary
Library
Postsecondary
Data Systems, Use, & Privacy
Resources
Data & Tools
Downloads Microdata/Raw Data
Online Analysis
School và College Search
Comparison Tools
Questionnaire Tools
Geographic Tools
Other Tools
Fast Facts
News và Events
Publications & Products
About Us
NCES Blog
Chapter 1Chapter 2Chapter 3Chapter 4Chapter 5Chapter 6Chapter 7Chapter 8Chapter 9Chapter 10Table of Contents
Glossary of Terms CHAPTER 6Protecting Your System:Information Security
Commonly Asked Questions
Policy Issues
Information Security Countermeasures
Information Security Checklist
Bạn đang xem: Chapter 6
Sheet). This facet of information security is often referred to as protectingconfidentiality. While confidentiality is sometimes mandated by law,common sense and good practice suggest that even non-confidentialinformation in a system should be protected as well-not necessarilyfrom unauthorized release as much as from unauthorized modification andunacceptable influences on its accessibility. Components of Information Security20Confidentiality:Preventing unauthorized disclosure and use ofinformationIntegrity:Preventing unauthorized creation,modification, or deletion of informationAvailability:Preventing unauthorized delay or denial ofinformationCommonly Asked QuestionsQ. If an organization maintains physical, software, and user accesssecurity, isn"t information security addressed by default?A. Yes and no. Information backups and their storage are surely saferwhen the building is secure, software is used properly, andunauthorized users are effectively restricted. However, these securityfeatures are meaningless if the information that is being backed up andstored wasn"t maintained in a sound way in the first place. While there isno doubt that physical, software, and user access security strategies all contribute khổng lồ protecting information, ignoring those initiatives that areaimed directly at securing information is not a wise plan.
Maintain security when shipping và receiving materials: Whensending sensitive information through the mail, or by messengeror courier, require that all outside service providers meet orexceed your security requirements.Select only those countermeasures that meet perceived needs as identified during risk assessment andsupport security policy.Countermeasures lượt thích biometrics are probably beyond the realm of possibility (and necessity) in most, if not all, education organizations.
Security Number) can be used khổng lồ match records withoutunnecessarily divulging the identity of individuals andcompromising confidentiality.Back up Information Appropriately (see Chapter 4):Back up not only information, but also the programs you use toaccess information: Back up operating system utilities so thatyou retain access khổng lồ them even if your hard drive goes down.Also maintain current copies of critical application softwareand documentation as securely as if they were sensitive data.Caution: Some proprietary software providers may limit anorganization"s legal right lớn make copies of programs, but mostallow for responsible backup procedures. Check with yoursoftware provider.Consider using backup software that includes an encryption optionwhen backing up sensitive information: Encryption providesadditional security that is well worth the extra effort, since itensures that even if unauthorized users access your backup files,they still can"t break confidentiality without also having access to your encryption key. If you adopt this recommendation, be sure to lớn change your encryption key regularly.Verify that your backups are written khổng lồ the disk or tape accurately:Choose a backup program that has a verification feature.Rotate backup tapes: Although backup tapes are usually quitereliable, they tend to thua thảm data over time when under constantuse. Retire tapes after two khổng lồ three months of regular use (i.e.,about 60 uses) to lớn a backup activity that requires less regular use(e.g., program backups). Also note that routine tape drivecleaning can result in longer tape life.Maintain a log of all backup dates, locations, & responsiblepersonnel: Accountability is an excellent motivator for gettingthings done properly. Remember to lớn store the logs securely.Avoid over-backing up: Too many backup files can confuse usersand thereby increase the possibility of exposing sensitiveinformation. Clear hard drives, servers, và other storagemedia that contain old backup files to lớn save space once you haveproperly secured (and verified) the last complete và partialbackup.Test your backup system: This point has been made numeroustimes throughout the document, but it truly cannot beoveremphasized!Many organizations prefer that users back up only their own data files-leaving software andoperating system backups in the responsible hands of the security manager or system administrator.
Xem thêm: Indicate The Correct Response Lan: From My Point Of View, All Family Members Should Share
Store Information Properly (see Chapter 5):Apply recommended storage principles as found in this document toboth original and backup files alike: Backup files require the samelevels of security as vày the master files (e.g., if the original file isconfidential, so is its backup).Clearly label disks, tapes, containers, cabinets, and other storagedevices: Contents và sensitivity should be prominently markedso that there is less chance of mistaken identity.Segregate sensitive information: Never store sensitive informationin such a way that it commingles with other data on floppydisks or other removable data storage media.Restrict handling of sensitive information khổng lồ authorized personnel:Information, programs, và other data should be entered into, orexported from, the system only through acceptable channels andby staff with appropriate clearance.Write-protect important files: Write-protection limitsaccidental or malicious modification of files. Note that whilewrite-protection is effective against some viruses, it is by nomeans adequate vi khuẩn protection in itself.Communicate clearly and immediately about security concerns:Train staff to lớn promptly notify the system administrator/securitymanager when data are, or are suspected of being, lost ordamaged.Create a media library if possible: Storing backups andsensitive material in a single location allows for security lớn beconcentrated (and perhaps even intensified). Note, however,that an on-site media library is not a substitute for off-sitebackup protection.All Trent had done was hit the "undelete" function in the word processing software khổng lồ correct a savingmistake he had made, & suddenly a hard drive full of Mr. Russo"s files were there for the taking. Luckily for Mr. Russo, his sophomores, & the school, Trent realized that something was very wrong. He asked the labsupervisor, Ms. Jackson, where the computers had come from."Most of them have been recycled," she admitted. "Teachers và administrators were given upgrades thisyear, so their old machines were put to lớn good use in the labs. They should still be powerful enough lớn handleyour word processing. Why?"Trent showed Ms. Jackson what he had uncovered about the sophomore English students. She gasped,"Oh my goodness, they gave us all these computers without clearing the hard drives properly. I bet it"s thatway across the district. Trent, you may have just saved us from a potentially disastrous situation. That informationis private and certainly shouldn"t be sitting here for anyone in the computer lab lớn see. I"ve got somephone calls to lớn make!"Retaining data beyond its useful life exposes the organization khổng lồ unnecessary risk.21Even if a vendor replaces a hard drive, require that the old one be returned so that you can verify that it has been cleaned & disposed of properly.Information Security ChecklistWhile it may be tempting to refer to lớn the following checklist as your securityplan, to vì chưng so would limit the effectiveness of the recommendations.They are most useful when initiated as part of a larger plan khổng lồ develop andimplement security policy throughout an organization. Other chapters inthis document also address ways to customize policy to lớn your organization"sspecific needs-a concept that should not be ignored if you want tomaximize the effectiveness of any given guideline.
Accomplished? Present Information for Use in a Secure & Protected Way Are "views" và "table-design" applications being practiced? Are "key identifiers" used when linking segregated records? Backup Information Appropriately Are programs that are used lớn access information backed up? Does backup software include an encryption option that is used? Does backup software include a verification feature that is used? Are backup tapes retired after a reasonable amount of use? Is a log of all backup dates, locations, & responsible personnel keptand maintained securely? Is an effort made khổng lồ avoid "over-backing up" (i.e., are old backupsremoved lớn avoid "clutter")? Does the backup system pass regularly administered tests of itseffectiveness? Store Information Properly Are recommended storage principles applied khổng lồ master files & theirbackups alike? Are disks, tapes, containers, cabinets, & other storage devices clearlylabeled? Is sensitive information segregated (i.e., is it maintained separately fromnormal use information at all times)? Is the handling of sensitive information restricted lớn authorizedpersonnel? Are important files write-protected? Does staff know khổng lồ communicate security concerns immediately? Has a secure truyền thông media library been created as is possible? Dispose of Information in a Timely and Thorough Manner Has an information retention và disposal policy been implemented ? Are magnetic truyền thông media that contain sensitive information properly cleanedbefore reuse or disposal?
Scroll to Top
21 Ways khổng lồ “Give Good No”
Saying “no” can be really hard. But Christine Carter has a three-step plan to get there.
By Christine Carter | November 13, 2014We are coming lớn that time of the year that is both blessed and cursed with zillions of invitations. Here are some that are in my email right now: Can you meet me for coffee to lớn help me with my book proposal? Will you bring a snack khổng lồ the 8th grade buổi tiệc ngọt on December 19th? Are you coming khổng lồ our housewarming party? Can you help with my son’s college applications? vì chưng you want khổng lồ take the kids khổng lồ see “The Nutcracker” this year?
As much as I’d like to bởi vì all of these things, I can’t. When I take on everything that comes my way, I find that I start staying up late in order khổng lồ get everything done. Và then, tired, I start pressing snooze instead of meditating in the morning. Before I know it, I’m too tired khổng lồ exercise, too, something that is essential for my wellbeing.
It’s a slippery slope that starts with me taking care of other people’s needs at the expense of my own, and ends with me being too tired (and sometimes sick) khổng lồ take care of anybody’s needs, my own included (much less vì anything fun, lượt thích go lớn a party). Perhaps this is obvious, but just khổng lồ spell it out: When we get sick and tired, we have a hard time feeling happy, & a hard time fulfilling our potential, both at home and at work.
Advertisement
X
Meet the Greater Good Toolkit
From the GGSC khổng lồ your bookshelf: 30 science-backed tools for well-being.
But saying “no” can be really hard—I hate making people feel bad for even asking. It takes practice lớn say no in a way that doesn’t offend people, much less lớn say it in a way that makes folks feel happy they asked. Giving no that good takes practice. Here is my three-step plan.
Step One: Prepare yourself khổng lồ say “no”
It is much easier khổng lồ say no to an invitation when we have a concrete reason for doing so—a way to lớn justify our refusal beyond the vague notion that we should avoid the commitment in question.
This means that we need to lớn create the reason for saying no before we need it—we need a decision making structure, or “rules” to guide us so that we don’t have to agonize over every invitation.
For example, one rule I have for myself is that I don’t go out more than two nights in a given week, because I know that when I bởi vì this, I get cranky, tired, và run down. So if someone asks me about a third evening one week, I have the structure I need khổng lồ tell them I’m not available (but thank you for asking!). Similarly, I only meet people during the workday for lunch or coffee two times per week, I only do two speaking engagements a month, và I only vì one phone interview a day.
In addition to making rules for myself, I block out time on my calendar for things lượt thích writing (in the morning, when I’m most productive), hiking (in the afternoon, when I need a break), và for tackling administrative tasks (on Fridays, when I’m most inclined to want lớn just tick stuff off my list). This means that a lot of time on my calendar is blocked out, which can be really annoying to people who are trying lớn make an appointment with me. At the same time, however, blocking time out for the things I need to bởi to feel calm makes it totally clear to lớn me when I’m just not available. This makes it much easier khổng lồ give good no.
Finally, if I’m available to bởi vì something, I don’t say yes before asking myself a very important question: bởi vì I want to vì chưng this thing, or is it that I feel I “should”? Will saying “yes” bring me joy or meaning? Or will I feel dread or regret when this particular event or task rolls around? I’ve learned khổng lồ notice when I’m glad I said “yes”; it has helped me realize how much happiness I get from helping other people. (I always try khổng lồ help my friends’ children with their college applications, for example. So fun.)
One of the joys of middle age is that I now feel confident that if I bởi vì only the things that I really feel compelled to vày (rather than the things I used to bởi because I thought I “should” do), I over up contributing more. If I find myself considering an invitation because I’m worried about what other people think of me, or because I think it will “look good on my resume,” I just say no.
Step Two: Say no
I’ve found it incredibly helpful to lớn have go-to ways lớn just say no. I mostly use Renee’s “I’m already booked” strategy (see below), because that is most often the reason I can’t vì chưng something. Here are some other tactics—21, count ‘em!—that work for me:
1. Vague but effective: “Thank you for asking, but that isn’t going khổng lồ work out for me.”
2. It’s not personal: “Thank you for asking, but I’m not doing any interviews while I’m writing my book.”
3. Ask me later: “I want to vị that, but I’m not available until April. Will you ask me again then?”
4. Let me hook you up: “I can’t vày it, but I’ll bet Shelly can. I’ll ask her for you.”
5. Keep trying: “None of those dates work for me, but I would love to lớn see you. Send me some more dates.”
6. Try me last minute: “I can’t put anything else on my calendar this month, but I’d love to vị that with you sometime. Will you hotline me right before you go again?”
7. Gratitude: “Thank you so much for your enthusiasm and support! I’m sorry I’m not able to help you at this time.”
8. Give Dad a chance: “You know, I feel like moms are always getting to vì chưng the holiday parties at school. Let’s ask Dad if he wants khổng lồ help this year.”
9. 5-minute favor: “I can’t speak at your event, but I will help you promote it on my blog.”
I also asked my friends Renee Trudeau & Katrina Alcorn—two people who’ve honed their ability to say no well—for their favorite go-to ways to say no. Here are Renee’s favorite ways:
10. Just No: “Thanks, I’ll have to lớn pass on that.” (Say it, then shut up.)
11. Gracious: “I really appreciate you asking me, but my time is already committed.”
12. I’m Sorry: “I wish I could, but it’s just not going khổng lồ work right now.”
13. It’s Someone Else’s Decision: “I promised my coach (therapist, husband, etc.) I wouldn’t take on any more projects right now. I’m working on creating more balance in my life.”
14. My Family is the Reason: “Thanks so much for the invite, that’s the day of my son’s soccer game, and I never miss those.”
15. I Know Someone Else: “I just don’t have time right now. Let me recommend someone who may be able to help you.”
16. I’m Already Booked: “I appreciate you thinking of me, but I’m afraid I’m already booked that day.”
17. Setting Boundaries: “Let me tell you what I can do…” Then limit the commitment to what will be comfortable for you.
18. Not No, But Not Yes: “Let me think about it, và I’ll get back to lớn you.”
(Renee’s danh sách is from her book The Mother’s Guide to lớn Self-Renewal.)
And here are the additional ways that Katrina most often says no:
19. Say nothing: “Not all requests require an answer. It feels rude to lớn ignore a request, but sometimes it’s the best way for everyone to lớn save face.”
20. Let it all hang out: “Recently my daughter got injured in thể hình class. It was a week of visits khổng lồ the ER, the concussion clinic, specialists, etc. I decided lớn just tell people what was going on, which sort of shut down the requests for a bit.”
21. I’m “maxed out”: “We need a ‘safety word’ for saying no—an easy way khổng lồ tell people that we can’t/won’t do the thing they are requesting, but that it’s not personal. One convenient thing about authoring a book called Maxed Out is that now I can say ‘I’m maxed out’ & people who are familiar with the book know I’m asking them lớn respect that I’m taking care of myself, & that I also respect their need khổng lồ take care of themselves.”
Step 3: Don’t look back
Plenty of research suggests that when we make a decision in a way that allows us lớn change our minds later, we tend khổng lồ be a lot less happy with the decisions that we make. So once we decline an invitation, we need to make an effort lớn focus on the good that will come from saying no, not the regret or guilt we feel about turning down an offer. Perhaps we will be better rested because we didn’t go to a party, or we’ll feel less resentful because we let someone else help out. Maybe saying no khổng lồ one thing frees up time for another (more joyful) activity. Whatever the case may be, focus on the positive outcome of your effort to lớn give good no.
Because that is what all this saying no is really about: Allowing ourselves khổng lồ really enjoy what we are doing in the moment, whatever that might be.
